19265: Heinl: Who went how (fwd)

[Bob Corbett <corbetre@webster.edu>]

From: Prewarbrits@aol.com

The question has been posed as to how many coup d'etat there have been. As
always, the difficulty lies in the small print - one man's coup is another man's
liberation. Is a resignation obtained at gunpoint still a resignation?
For further details, people may consult, or acquire a copy of Written in
Blood.

Without further refinement, here's a list of who went how:
1. Dessalines - 1806 - ambushed Pont Rouge
2. Petion - March 29, 1818 - died in office, natural causes
3. Christophe - Oct. 8, 1820 - Christophe kills self after August stroke
4. Boyer - Mar. 13, 1843 - Boyer abdicates, sails to Jamaica as rebels
advance from South, Riviere-Herard heads provisional govt.
5. Riviere-Herard - May 3, 1844 "deposed" while in what is now Santo Domingo
6. Guerrier - Apr. 15, 1845 Guerrier dies at St. Marc of natural causes
7. Pierrot - Feb. 28, 1846 - "deposed" by St. Marc soldiers
8. Riche - Feb. 27, 1847 - Riche dies in office after overdosing on
aphrodisiac
9. Solouque - Jan. 15, 1859 Soulouque abdicates after revolt breaks out in
North
10. Geffrard - March 13, 1867 Geffrard flees to Jamaica in the face of armed
revolt
11. Salnave - Jan. 15, 1870 - deposed by armed troops, shot
12. Nissage - May 21, 1874 - Nissage yields power 6 days after end of his
term when faced with army revolt
13. Domingue - Apr. 15, 1876 - Domingue violently deposed
14. Boisrond - Canal - July 17, 1879 Steps down in face of armed rebellion
15. Salomon - August 10, 1888 - steps down in face of armed rebellion
16. Legitime - August 22, 1889 - steps down in face of armed rebellion
17. Hyppolite - March 16, 1896 - dies of stroke while setting out to suppress
armed revolt
18. Simon Sam - May 12, 1902 - abdicates in attempt to stage manage succesion
19. Nord Alexis - Dec. 20, 1908 - abdicates in face of armed rebellion
20. Simon - August 14, 1911 - abdicates in face of armed rebellion
21. Leconte - August 7, 1912 - dies in explosion of Palace
22. Auguste - May 3, 1913 - dies of natural causes in office
23. Oreste - Jan. 27, 1914 - resigns in face of armed rebellion
24. Zamor - Oct. 30, 1914 - abdicates in face of armed rebellion
25. Theodore - 22 Feb.  1915  - abdicates in face of armed rebellion
26. Guillaume Sam - 27 July, 1915 - killed after being dragged from French
legation where he had sought refuge
27. Dartiguenave -15 May, 1922 -peacefully hands over power at end of term
(but not before trying to succeed himself)
28. Borno - 15 May 1930 - peaceful handover of power
29. Roy - Nov. 18, 1930 peacefully hands over power as previously agreed by
all parties
30. Vincent - May 15, 1941 - hands over power to Lescot after an election
31.  Lescot - January 11, 1946 - hands over power to military Junta after
general strikes
32. Estime - May 10, 1950 - deposed by Army
33. Magloire - Dec. 12, 1956 - goes into exile when faced with Army ultimatum
at or a few months after end of term
34. Pierre-Louis - 4 February 1957 - resigns in face of strikes
35. Sylvain - 2 April 1957 - resigns, arrested
36. Fignole - 14 June 1957 - resigns at gunpoint from Army
37. Duvalier, Francois - 21 April 1971, dies in office of Natural causes
38. Duvalier, Jean-Claude - 7 February, 1986 -turns over power to army Junta
39. Manigat - 20 June 1988 - ousted by Army
40. Namphy - 17 Sept. 1988 - ousted by Army
41. Avril - Mar. 10, 1990 - resigns when confronted with collapse of support
42. Trouillot - Feb. 7, 1991 - hands over power peacefully as arranged to
Aristide
43. Aristide 1 - 30 Sept. 1991 - Army takes over  -  Aristide still
President, though in exile
44. Preval - Feb. 7, 2001 - hands over power to elected successor at end of
term as scheduled
45 ?????

Michael Heinl