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9649: Re: 9639: HAITI RULERS (Saint-Vil asks for clarification) (fwd)
From: Jean Saint-Vil <jafrikayiti@hotmail.com>
Dear Mr. Lucas,
Should it be understood from your list that IRI officially recognises the
existence of Haiti starting in 1664 only?
Is there a particular reason why no Taino Kasik is mentioned in IRI's very
detailed list?
How about the spanish squatters who murdered the Tainos - did they assume
any specific grandiose titles worth noting. Or is this simply irrelevant for
the goal at hand here? (b.t.w. I did notice the number of Afrikan rulers who
lasted only a few hours in power. Excellent scoop!).
Indeed, if I may ask, what is the moral of this story?
Is this highly comprehensive list of «Haiti Rulers» to be published on the
Miami Herald as is - like the one coming out of «nowhere» that made
headlines a few weeks ago - «Haiti, the poorest.... spends millions on
Washington lobbyists» or is this new one part of the ongoing discussion of
concerned friends of Haiti trying so hard to understand why she is so poor -
for reasons unknown to them.
Whatever the purpose of IRI's new list, it reminded me of the need to make a
related historical clarification particularly for the benefit of the
Congressional Black Caucus (CBC). As you no doubt know, in their latest bold
and courageous effort to go against the tide of anti-Haitianism that seems
to prevail in Washington for while now, they are pleading with Mr. Bush to
stop the systemic strangulation of Haiti. In their text, I notice the CBC
refered to Haiti as the «second oldest democracy of the Americas».
Obviously, the members of the CBC do realise that Haiti is not the second
oldest but «THE OLDEST democracy in the Americas». Maybe it is an oversight
or they were being historically incorrect in order to be politically
correct. For, being who they are, these honorable and reasonable brothers
and sisters would not for an instant pertain with seriousness that a nation
where a large human population is held in slavery can be called a
«democracy». Therefore, since White Supremacy is the system that was in
place in the U.S. until 19? (in any case so it was in 1860 - a good 56 years
after Haiti became a democracy), then it could not be considered a
democracy. No more than P.W. Botha's gang in the White Supremacist Republic
of South Africa of not too long ago.
So the question remains: why do the leaders of the most powerful union in
the world which now professes to be not only democratic but a leader of
worldwide democracy, REMAIN so bent on strangulating THE oldest democracy in
the Americas - to the extent that this nation, the poorest in..., must
spend several millions $ lobbying Uncle Tom just so he does stike «dènye kou
ki pou touye koukou a» (the final blow)?
That's my only question for now...until the next list pops up.
Mèsi anpil!
Jafrikayiti
«Depi nan Ginen bon nèg ap ede nèg!»
http://www.i-port.net/sd-in-j/
----Original Message Follows----
From: Bob Corbett <corbetre@webster.edu>
To: Haiti mailing list <haiti@lists.webster.edu>
Subject: 9639: HAITI RULERS (fwd)
Date: Mon, 19 Nov 2001 12:45:25 -0600 (CST)
From: Stanley Lucas <slucas@iri.org>
Haiti
Saint-Domingue
1664 French colony (Saint-Domingue)
(recognized by Spain 20 Sep 1697)
20 Sep 1793 - Oct 1798 British occupation
Governors
1 Oct 1691 - Jul 1700 Jean-Baptiste Ducasse
Jul 1700 - 16 Dec 1703 Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet
(acting)
16 Dec 1703 - 13 Oct 1705 Charles Auger
13 Oct 1705 - 28 Dec 1707 Jean-Pierre de Charitte (1st time)
(acting)
28 Dec 1707 - 1710 François-Joseph, comte de
Choiseul-Beauprés
1710 - 7 Feb 1711 Jean-Pierre de Charitte (2nd time)
7 Feb 1711 - 24 May 1711 Laurent de Valernod
24 May 1711 - 29 Aug 1712 Nicolas de Gabaret
29 Aug 1712 - 1713 Paul-François de La Grange,
comte d'Arquian
1713 - 1714 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac
Governors-general
1714 - 11 Jan 1717 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac
11 Jan 1717 - 10 Jul 1719 Charles Joubert de la Bastide,
marquis de Châteaumorand
10 Jul 1719 - 6 Dec 1723 Léon, marquis de Sorel
6 Dec 1723 - 8 Oct 1731 Gaspard-Charles de Goussé,
chevalier de La Rochalar
8 Oct 1731 - 4 Feb 1732 Antoine-Gabriel, marquis de Vienne
de Busserolles
4 Feb 1732 - 8 Oct 1732 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoy
(1st time) (acting)
8 Oct 1732 - Jul 1737 Pierre, marquis de Fayet
Jul 1737 - 11 Nov 1737 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoy
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Nov 1737 - 19 Nov 1746 Charles de Brunier, marquis de
Larnage
19 Nov 1746 - 12 Aug 1748 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoy
(3rd time) (acting)
12 Aug 1748 - 29 Mar 1751 Hubert de Brienne-Conflans,
comte de Conflans
29 Mar 1751 - 31 May 1753 Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideux du
Bois de Lamothe
31 May 1753 - 24 Mar 1757 Joseph-Hyacinthe de Rigaud,
marquis de Vaudreuil
24 Mar 1757 - 30 Jul 1762 Philippe-François Bart
30 Jul 1762 - 7 Mar 1763 Gabriel de Bory de Saint-Vincent
7 Mar 1763 - 4 Aug 1763 Armand, vicomte de Belzunce
4 Aug 1763 - 23 Apr 1764 Pierre-André de Gohin, comte
de Montreuil (acting)
23 Apr 1764 - 1 Jul 1766 Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Henri,
comte d'Estaing
1 Jul 1766 - 10 Feb 1769 Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan,
prince de Montbazon
10 Feb 1769 - 15 Jan 1772 Pierre-Gédéon, comte de Noli
15 Jan 1772 - 30 Apr 1772 De la Ferronays (acting)
30 Apr 1772 - 15 Apr 1775 Louis-Florent, marquis de Valière
12 May 1775 - 16 Aug 1775 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud
de Villeverd (1st time) (acting)
16 Aug 1775 - 13 Dec 1776 Victor-Thérèse Charpentier,
comte d'Ennery
28 Dec 1776 - 22 May 1777 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de
Lilancour (1st time) (acting)
22 May 1777 - 7 Mar 1780 Robert, comte d'Argout
7 Mar 1780 - 25 Apr 1780 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de
Lilancour (2nd time) (acting)
25 Apr 1780 - 28 Jul 1781 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud
de Villeverd (2nd time)
28 Jul 1781 - 14 Feb 1782 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de
Lilancour (3rd time) (acting)
14 Feb 1782 - 3 Jul 1785 Guillaume-Léonard de Bellecombe
3 Jul 1785 - 27 Apr 1786 Gui-Pierre de Coustard (acting)
27 Apr 1786 - Nov 1787 César-Henri, comte de La Luzerne
Nov 1787 - 22 Dec 1788 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade
(1st time) (acting)
22 Dec 1788 - 1789 Marie-Charles, marquis du Chilleau
1789 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade
(2nd time) (acting)
19 Aug 1789 - Nov 1790 Louis-Antoine Thomassin, comte
de Peynier
9 Nov 1790 - 1792 Philibert-François Rouxel de
Blanchelande
1792 Adrien-Nicolas, marquis de la
Salle, comte d'Offémont
Jun 1792 - 21 Oct 1792 Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes
21 Oct 1792 - 2 Jan 1793 Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur,
comte de Rochambeau (1st time)
2 Jan 1793 - 19 Jun 1793 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
(1st time) (commissioner)
19 Jun 1793 - Oct 1793 François Galbaud du Four
Oct 1793 - 11 May 1796 Étienne-Maynaud-Bitfranc Laveaux
11 May 1796 - 24 Aug 1797 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
(2nd time) (commissioner)
1 Apr 1797 - 5 May 1802 Toussaint-Louverture
27 Mar 1798 - 23 Oct 1798 Gabriel-Marie-Théodore-Joseph
Hédouville (commissioner)
5 Feb 1802 - 2 Nov 1802 Charles-Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc
2 Nov 1802 - 30 Nov 1803 Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur,
comte de Rochambeau (2nd time)
30 Nov 1803 - 31 Dec 1803 Jean-Jacques Dessalines
British occupation
Governors
20 Sep 1793 - Oct 1794 John Whitelock
Oct 1794 - Oct 1796 Adam Williamson
Oct 1796 - Jan 1797 John Graves Simcoe
Jan 1797 - Mar 1797 Nesbit
Mar 1797 - Oct 1798 Thomas Maitland
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Independent Haiti
Note: Haiti was split de facto between a notional "North" and a notional
"South" from 28 Dec 1806 to 26 Oct 1820. This is interpreted below as an
overlap of two polities, the first called Haiti (I), from independence
(1804) to the death of King Henri I (1820); the second, Haiti (II), from
1806 to the present. There were also several short-lived secessions of parts
of the country; these are listed at the end of the record.
Haiti (I)
1 Jan 1804 independence (Haiti)
22 Sep 1804 Empire of Haiti
17 Oct 1806 Haiti
17 Feb 1807 State of Haiti
28 Mar 1811 Kingdom of Haiti
8 Oct 1820 extinction of the state
Governor-general
1 Jan 1804 - 22 Sep 1804 Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Emperor
22 Sep 1804 - 17 Oct 1806 Jacques Dessalines
Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government
17 Oct 1806 - 17 Feb 1807 Henry Christophe
President
17 Feb 1807 - 28 Mar 1811 Henry Christophe
King
28 Mar 1811 - 8 Oct 1820 Henri I
Haiti (II)
28 Dec 1806 Republic of Haiti
26 Aug 1849 Empire of Haiti
15 Jan 1859 Republic of Haiti
Presidents
27 Jan 1807 - 10 Mar 1807 Bruno Blanchet (acting)
10 Mar 1807 - 9 Mar 1811 Anne-Alexandre Sabès, dit Pétion
(1st time)
9 Mar 1811 - 10 Mar 1811 Jean-Chrisostôme Imbert (1st time)
(acting)
10 Mar 1811 - 9 Mar 1815 Anne-Alexandre Sabès, dit Pétion
(2nd time)
9 Mar 1815 - 10 Mar 1815 Jean-Chrisostôme Imbert (2nd time)
(acting)
10 Mar 1815 - 29 Mar 1818 Anne-Alexandre Sabès, dit Pétion
(3rd time)
29 Mar 1818 - 30 Mar 1818 Jean-Chrisostôme Imbert (3rd time)
(acting)
30 Mar 1818 - 13 Mar 1843 Jean-Pierre Boyer
13 Mar 1843 - 4 Apr 1843 Charles Hérard aîné, dit Rivière
(1st time) (Chief Executive)
4 Apr 1843 - 5 Apr 1843 Provisional Government
- José María Imbert
- Voltaire
- Philippe Guerrier
- N. Segrettier
5 Apr 1843 - 2 May 1844 Charles Hérard aîné, dit Rivière
(2nd time)
(Chief of Provisional Government to 4 Jan 1844)
Apr 1844 - 1844 Louis Jean-Jacques Acaau
(General, in charge of grievances; in
rebellion)
3 May 1844 - 15 Apr 1845 Philippe Guerrier
15 Apr 1845 - 16 Apr 1845 Council of Secretaries of State
- Honoré Féry
et al.
16 Apr 1845 - 1 Mar 1846 Jean-Louis Pierrot
1 Mar 1846 - 27 Feb 1847 Jean-Baptiste Riché
27 Feb 1847 - 1 Mar 1847 Council of Secretaries of State
- Céligny Ardouin
et al.
1 Mar 1847 - 26 Aug 1849 Faustin Soulouque
Emperor
26 Aug 1849 - 15 Jan 1859 Faustin I
Presidents
15 Jan 1859 - 13 Mar 1867 Fabre-Nicolas Geffrard
(President of the Revolutionary Committee [in
rebellion
from 23 Dec 1858] to 23 Jan 1859)
13 Mar 1867 - Mar 1867 Council of Secretaries of State
Mar 1867 - 20 Mar 1867 Consultative Council
20 Mar 1867 - 2 May 1867 Nissage-Saget (1st time)
(President of Provisional Government)
2 May 1867 - 4 May 1867 Provisional Government
- Nissage-Saget
- Victorin Chevallier
- Sylvain Salnave
4 May 1867 - 27 Dec 1869 Sylvain Salnave
(Protector of the Republic to 16 Jun 1867)
27 Dec 1869 - 13 May 1874 Nissage-Saget (2nd time)
(President of Provisional Government to 20 Mar
1870)
13 May 1874 - 14 Jun 1874 Council of Secretaries of State
- Darius Denis
- Désilus Lamour
- Turenne Carrié
et al.
14 Jun 1874 - 15 Apr 1876 Michel Domingue
15 Apr 1876 - 23 Apr 1876 Council of Secretaries of State
23 Apr 1876 - 17 Jul 1879 Pierre-Théomas Boisrond, dit
Boisrond-Canal (1st time)
(President of Provisional Government to 17 Jul
1876)
17 Jul 1879 - 26 Jul 1879 Central Committee of Public Safety
26 Jul 1879 - 2 Oct 1879 Hériston Hérissé
(President of Provisional Government)
2 Oct 1879 - 10 Aug 1888 Lysius Salomon 10
(President of Provisional Government to 26 Oct
1879)
27 Mar 1883 - 27 Oct 1883 Jean-Pierre Boyer-Bazelais
(chief executive of the Central Revolutionary
Committee)
10 Aug 1888 - 16 Oct 1888 Pierre-Théomas Boisrond, dit
Boisrond-Canal (2nd time)
(President of Revolutionary Committee to 23 Aug
1888,
then President of Provisional Government)
16 Oct 1888 - 22 Aug 1889 François Denys Légitime
(Chief Executive to 18 Dec 1888)
22 Aug 1889 - 23 Aug 1889 Council of Secretaries of State
23 Aug 1889 - 17 Oct 1889 Monpoint jeune
(President of Provisional Government)
17 Oct 1889 - 24 Mar 1896 Louis Mondestin Florvil Hyppolite
24 Mar 1896 - 31 Mar 1896 Council of Secretaries of State
- P. Augustin Tirésias Simon Sam
- Tancrède Auguste
- Solon Ménos
et al.
31 Mar 1896 - 12 May 1902 P. Augustin Tirésias Simon Sam
12 May 1902 - 26 May 1902 Central Committee of Public
Welfare
26 May 1902 - 17 Dec 1902 Pierre-Théomas Boisrond, dit
Boisrond-Canal (3rd time)
(President of Provisional Government)
17 Dec 1902 - 2 Dec 1908 Pierre Nord Alexis
(Head of Executive Power to 23 Dec 1902)
2 Dec 1908 - 5 Dec 1908 Public Order Commission
- Louis Boisrond, dit
Boisrond-Canal jeune
et al.
6 Dec 1908 - 3 Aug 1911 François C. Antoine Simon
(Head of Executive Power to 21 Dec 1908)
24 Jul 1911 - 8 Aug 1912 Jean-Jacques Dessalines Michel
Cincinnatus Leconte
(Supreme Chief of the Revolution to 7 Aug 1911;
Head
of Executive Power 7-14 Aug 1911)
8 Aug 1912 Council of Secretaries
- Edmond Lespinasse (1st time)
- Antoine C. Sansaricq
- Jacques Nicolas Léger (1st time)
- John Laroche
- Tertullien Guilbaud (1st time)
8 Aug 1912 - 3 May 1913 Tancrède Auguste
3 May 1913 - 12 May 1913 Council of Secretaries
- F. Baufossé Laroche
- Seymour Pradel
- Jacques Nicolas Léger (2nd time)
- Tertullien Guilbaud (2nd time)
- Edmond Lespinasse (2nd time)
- A. Guatimosin Boco
12 May 1913 - 27 Jan 1914 Michel-Oreste
27 Jan 1914 - Jan 1914 Council of Secretaries
Jan 1914 - 8 Feb 1914 Edmond Polynice (1st time)
(chairman Committee of Public Welfare)
8 Feb 1914 - 29 Oct 1914 Emmanuel Oreste Zamor
29 Oct 1914 - 6 Nov 1914 Edmond Polynice (2nd time)
(chairman Committee of Public Welfare)
6 Nov 1914 - 22 Feb 1915 Joseph Davilmar Théodore
(Head of Executive Power to 10 Nov 1914)
22 Feb 1915 - Feb 1915 Committee of Public Welfare
- Seymour Pradel
- Edmond Polynice
Feb 1915 - 25 Feb 1915 Committee of Administration
25 Feb 1915 - 28 Jul 1915 Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam 10
(Head of Executive Power to 9 Mar 1915)
28 Jul 1915 - 11 Aug 1915 Revolutionary Committee
- Charles de Delva
- Edmond Polynice
- Delinois
- Charles Zamor
- Gaston Dalencourt
- Ermane Robin
12 Aug 1915 - 15 May 1922 Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave
15 May 1922 - 15 May 1930 Louis Eustache Antoine François
Joseph Borno
15 May 1930 - 18 Nov 1930 Louis Eugène Roy
18 Nov 1930 - 15 May 1941 Sténio Joseph Vincent
15 May 1941 - 11 Jan 1946 Élie Lescot
11 Jan 1946 - 16 Aug 1946 Franck Lavaud (1st time)
(chairman Military Executive Committee)
16 Aug 1946 - 10 May 1950 Dumarsais Estimé
10 May 1950 - 6 Dec 1950 Franck Lavaud (2nd time)
(chairman Government Junta)
6 Dec 1950 - 12 Dec 1956 Paul Eugène Magloire
(Head of Executive Power from 6 Dec 1956)
12 Dec 1956 - 4 Feb 1957 Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis
(provisional)
7 Feb 1957 - 1 Apr 1957 Franck Sylvain (provisional)
1 Apr 1957 - 6 Apr 1957 Léon Cantave (1st time)
(Army Chief of General Staff)
6 Apr 1957 - 20 May 1957 Executive Government Council
- Léonce M. Bernard
- Georges Bretous
- Stuart Cambronne
- Antoine Pierre-Pau
(to 24 Apr 1957)
- Vilfort Beauvoir
(to 24 Apr 1957)
- Weber Michaud
- Seymour Lamothe
- Raoul Daguilh
- Théodore A. Nicoleau
(to 24 Apr 1957)
- Ernest B. Danache
- Emmanuel Bruny
- Max Bolté
- Grégoire Eugène
20 May 1957 - 25 May 1957 Léon Cantave (2nd time)
(Army Chief of General Staff)
25 May 1957 - 14 Jun 1957 Pierre Eustache Daniel Fignolé
(provisional)
14 Jun 1957 - 22 Oct 1957 Antonio Thrasybule Kebreau
(chairman Military Council)
22 Oct 1957 - 21 Apr 1971 François Duvalier
(chief of the revolution 15-22 May 1963)
21 Apr 1971 - 6 Feb 1986 Jean-Claude Duvalier
6 Feb 1986 - 7 Feb 1988 Henri Namphy (1st time)
(chairman National Council)
7 Feb 1988 - 20 Jun 1988 Leslie Manigat
20 Jun 1988 - 17 Sep 1988 Henri Namphy (2nd time)
17 Sep 1988 - 10 Mar 1990 Prosper Avril
10 Mar 1990 - 13 Mar 1990 Hérard Abraham (interim)
13 Mar 1990 - 7 Jan 1991 Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (f)
(1st time) (provisional)
7 Jan 1991 (hours) Roger Lafontant (provisional)
7 Jan 1991 - 7 Feb 1991 Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (f)
(2nd time) (provisional)
7 Feb 1991 - 30 Sep 1991 Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1st time)
1 Oct 1991 - 8 Oct 1991 Raoul Cédras
(leader of military junta)
8 Oct 1991 - 19 Jun 1992 Joseph Nérette (provisional)
19 Jun 1992 - 15 Jun 1993 Marc Bazin (acting)
15 Jun 1993 - 12 May 1994 Jean-Bertrand Aristide (2nd time)
(in exile, but recognized in Haiti)
12 May 1994 - 12 Oct 1994 Émile Jonassaint (provisional)
12 Oct 1994 - 7 Feb 1996 Jean-Bertrand Aristide (3rd time)
7 Feb 1996 - 7 Feb 2001 René Préval
7 Feb 2001 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide (4th time)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prime
ministers
9 Feb 1988 - 20 Jun 1988 Martial Célestin
13 Feb 1991 - 11 Oct 1991 René Préval
11 Oct 1991 - 19 Jun 1992 Jean-Jacques Honorat (interim)
19 Jun 1992 - 30 Aug 1993 Marc Bazin
30 Aug 1993 - 8 Nov 1994 Robert Malval
8 Nov 1994 - 7 Nov 1995 Smarck Michel
7 Nov 1995 - 27 Feb 1996 Claudette Werleigh (f)
27 Feb 1996 - 20 Oct 1997 Rony Smarth
26 Mar 1999 - 2 Mar 2001 Jacques-Édouard Alexis
2 Mar 2001 - Jean-Marie Chérestal
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the South
3 Nov 1810 secession
Mar 1812 reincorporation into Haiti (II)
General-in-Chief
3 Nov 1810 - 9 Jan 1811 André Rigaud (b. 1761 - d.
1811)
Presidents of the Council
9 Jan 1811 - 18 Sep 1811 André Rigaud (s.a.)
18 Sep 1811 - Mar 1812 Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Republic of the North
Provisional President
25 Apr 1868 - Dec 1869 Nissage-Saget
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Southern State of Haiti
President
8 May 1868 - Dec 1869 Michel Domingue
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Northern Republic
President of the Provisional Government
27 Nov 1888 - 1889 Louis Mondestin Florvil Hyppolite (s.a.)
_________________________________________________________________
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