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9639: HAITI RULERS (fwd)




From: Stanley Lucas <slucas@iri.org>

Haiti 
Saint-Domingue
       1664                French colony (Saint-Domingue)
                           (recognized by Spain 20 Sep 1697)
20 Sep 1793 -    Oct 1798  British occupation

Governors
 1 Oct 1691 -    Jul 1700  Jean-Baptiste Ducasse              
Jul 1700 - 16 Dec 1703  Joseph d'Honon de Gallifet         
                           (acting)
16 Dec 1703 - 13 Oct 1705  Charles Auger                      
13 Oct 1705 - 28 Dec 1707  Jean-Pierre de Charitte (1st time) 
                           (acting)
28 Dec 1707 -        1710  François-Joseph, comte de
                           Choiseul-Beauprés                  
1710 -  7 Feb 1711  Jean-Pierre de Charitte (2nd time) 
7 Feb 1711 - 24 May 1711  Laurent de Valernod                
24 May 1711 - 29 Aug 1712  Nicolas de Gabaret               
29 Aug 1712 -        1713  Paul-François de La Grange,
                           comte d'Arquian                    
1713 -        1714  Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac
Governors-general
       1714 - 11 Jan 1717  Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac
11 Jan 1717 - 10 Jul 1719  Charles Joubert de la Bastide,
                           marquis de Châteaumorand
10 Jul 1719 -  6 Dec 1723  Léon, marquis de Sorel            
 6 Dec 1723 -  8 Oct 1731  Gaspard-Charles de Goussé,
                           chevalier de La Rochalar
 8 Oct 1731 -  4 Feb 1732  Antoine-Gabriel, marquis de Vienne
                           de Busserolles                  
 4 Feb 1732 -  8 Oct 1732  Étienne Cochard de Chastenoy
                           (1st time) (acting)
 8 Oct 1732 -    Jul 1737  Pierre, marquis de Fayet          
   Jul 1737 - 11 Nov 1737  Étienne Cochard de Chastenoy
                           (2nd time) (acting)
11 Nov 1737 - 19 Nov 1746  Charles de Brunier, marquis de
                           Larnage                          
19 Nov 1746 - 12 Aug 1748  Étienne Cochard de Chastenoy
                           (3rd time) (acting)
12 Aug 1748 - 29 Mar 1751  Hubert de Brienne-Conflans,
                           comte de Conflans
29 Mar 1751 - 31 May 1753  Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideux du
                           Bois de Lamothe                  
31 May 1753 - 24 Mar 1757  Joseph-Hyacinthe de Rigaud,
                           marquis de Vaudreuil
24 Mar 1757 - 30 Jul 1762  Philippe-François Bart          
30 Jul 1762 -  7 Mar 1763  Gabriel de Bory de Saint-Vincent   
 7 Mar 1763 -  4 Aug 1763  Armand, vicomte de Belzunce     
 4 Aug 1763 - 23 Apr 1764  Pierre-André de Gohin, comte
                           de Montreuil (acting)           
23 Apr 1764 -  1 Jul 1766  Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Henri,
                           comte d'Estaing               
 1 Jul 1766 - 10 Feb 1769  Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan,
                           prince de Montbazon              
10 Feb 1769 - 15 Jan 1772  Pierre-Gédéon, comte de Noli
15 Jan 1772 - 30 Apr 1772  De la Ferronays (acting)
30 Apr 1772 - 15 Apr 1775  Louis-Florent, marquis de Valière 
12 May 1775 - 16 Aug 1775  Jean-François, comte de Reynaud
                           de Villeverd (1st time) (acting)
16 Aug 1775 - 13 Dec 1776  Victor-Thérèse Charpentier,
                           comte d'Ennery                   
28 Dec 1776 - 22 May 1777  Jean-Baptiste de Taste de
                           Lilancour (1st time) (acting)
22 May 1777 -  7 Mar 1780  Robert, comte d'Argout          
 7 Mar 1780 - 25 Apr 1780  Jean-Baptiste de Taste de
                           Lilancour (2nd time) (acting)
25 Apr 1780 - 28 Jul 1781  Jean-François, comte de Reynaud
                           de Villeverd (2nd time)
28 Jul 1781 - 14 Feb 1782  Jean-Baptiste de Taste de
                           Lilancour (3rd time) (acting)
14 Feb 1782 -  3 Jul 1785  Guillaume-Léonard de Bellecombe  
 3 Jul 1785 - 27 Apr 1786  Gui-Pierre de Coustard (acting)
27 Apr 1786 -    Nov 1787  César-Henri, comte de La Luzerne   
   Nov 1787 - 22 Dec 1788  Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade
                           (1st time) (acting)
22 Dec 1788 -        1789  Marie-Charles, marquis du Chilleau 
       1789                Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade
                           (2nd time) (acting)
19 Aug 1789 -    Nov 1790  Louis-Antoine Thomassin, comte
                           de Peynier                      
 9 Nov 1790 -        1792  Philibert-François Rouxel de
                           Blanchelande                       
       1792                Adrien-Nicolas, marquis de la
                           Salle, comte d'Offémont           
   Jun 1792 - 21 Oct 1792  Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes
21 Oct 1792 -  2 Jan 1793  Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur,
                           comte de Rochambeau (1st time)    
 2 Jan 1793 - 19 Jun 1793  Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
                           (1st time) (commissioner)          
19 Jun 1793 -    Oct 1793  François Galbaud du Four
   Oct 1793 - 11 May 1796  Étienne-Maynaud-Bitfranc Laveaux
11 May 1796 - 24 Aug 1797  Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
                           (2nd time) (commissioner)       
 1 Apr 1797 -  5 May 1802  Toussaint-Louverture               
27 Mar 1798 - 23 Oct 1798  Gabriel-Marie-Théodore-Joseph
                           Hédouville (commissioner)          
 5 Feb 1802 -  2 Nov 1802  Charles-Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc  
 2 Nov 1802 - 30 Nov 1803  Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur,
                           comte de Rochambeau (2nd time) 
30 Nov 1803 - 31 Dec 1803  Jean-Jacques Dessalines          
British occupation
Governors
20 Sep 1793 -    Oct 1794  John Whitelock
   Oct 1794 -    Oct 1796  Adam Williamson                  
   Oct 1796 -    Jan 1797  John Graves Simcoe                
   Jan 1797 -    Mar 1797  Nesbit                            
   Mar 1797 -    Oct 1798  Thomas Maitland        

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Independent Haiti
Note: Haiti was split de facto between a notional "North" and a notional "South" from 28 Dec 1806 to 26 Oct 1820. This is interpreted below as an overlap of two polities, the first called Haiti (I), from independence (1804) to the death of King Henri I (1820); the second, Haiti (II), from 1806 to the present. There were also several short-lived secessions of parts of the country; these are listed at the end of the record. 
Haiti (I)
 1 Jan 1804                independence (Haiti)
22 Sep 1804                Empire of Haiti
17 Oct 1806                Haiti
17 Feb 1807                State of Haiti
28 Mar 1811                Kingdom of Haiti
 8 Oct 1820                extinction of the state

Governor-general
 1 Jan 1804 - 22 Sep 1804  Jean-Jacques Dessalines            
Emperor
22 Sep 1804 - 17 Oct 1806  Jacques Dessalines             
Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government
17 Oct 1806 - 17 Feb 1807  Henry Christophe                
President
17 Feb 1807 - 28 Mar 1811  Henry Christophe               
King
28 Mar 1811 -  8 Oct 1820  Henri I             
Haiti (II)
28 Dec 1806                Republic of Haiti
26 Aug 1849                Empire of Haiti
15 Jan 1859                Republic of Haiti

Presidents
27 Jan 1807 - 10 Mar 1807  Bruno Blanchet (acting)  
10 Mar 1807 -  9 Mar 1811  Anne-Alexandre Sabès, dit Pétion
                           (1st time)       
 9 Mar 1811 - 10 Mar 1811  Jean-Chrisostôme Imbert (1st time)
                           (acting)
10 Mar 1811 -  9 Mar 1815  Anne-Alexandre Sabès, dit Pétion
                           (2nd time)          
 9 Mar 1815 - 10 Mar 1815  Jean-Chrisostôme Imbert (2nd time)
                           (acting)
10 Mar 1815 - 29 Mar 1818  Anne-Alexandre Sabès, dit Pétion
                           (3rd time)                      
29 Mar 1818 - 30 Mar 1818  Jean-Chrisostôme Imbert (3rd time)
                           (acting)
30 Mar 1818 - 13 Mar 1843  Jean-Pierre Boyer             
13 Mar 1843 -  4 Apr 1843  Charles Hérard aîné, dit Rivière
                           (1st time) (Chief Executive)      
 4 Apr 1843 -  5 Apr 1843  Provisional Government
                           - José María Imbert
                           - Voltaire
                           - Philippe Guerrier               
                           - N. Segrettier
 5 Apr 1843 -  2 May 1844  Charles Hérard aîné, dit Rivière
                           (2nd time)                   
                           (Chief of Provisional Government to 4 Jan 1844)
   Apr 1844 -        1844    Louis Jean-Jacques Acaau
                             (General, in charge of grievances; in rebellion)
 3 May 1844 - 15 Apr 1845  Philippe Guerrier               
15 Apr 1845 - 16 Apr 1845  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Honoré Féry
                           et al.
16 Apr 1845 -  1 Mar 1846  Jean-Louis Pierrot                
 1 Mar 1846 - 27 Feb 1847  Jean-Baptiste Riché              
27 Feb 1847 -  1 Mar 1847  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Céligny Ardouin
                           et al.
 1 Mar 1847 - 26 Aug 1849  Faustin Soulouque                
Emperor
26 Aug 1849 - 15 Jan 1859  Faustin I                     
Presidents
15 Jan 1859 - 13 Mar 1867  Fabre-Nicolas Geffrard            
                           (President of the Revolutionary Committee [in rebellion
                           from 23 Dec 1858] to 23 Jan 1859)
13 Mar 1867 -    Mar 1867  Council of Secretaries of State
   Mar 1867 - 20 Mar 1867  Consultative Council
20 Mar 1867 -  2 May 1867  Nissage-Saget (1st time)
                           (President of Provisional Government)
 2 May 1867 -  4 May 1867  Provisional Government
                           - Nissage-Saget
                           - Victorin Chevallier           
                           - Sylvain Salnave              
 4 May 1867 - 27 Dec 1869  Sylvain Salnave              
                           (Protector of the Republic to 16 Jun 1867)
27 Dec 1869 - 13 May 1874  Nissage-Saget (2nd time)
                           (President of Provisional Government to 20 Mar 1870)
13 May 1874 - 14 Jun 1874  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Darius Denis
                           - Désilus Lamour
                           - Turenne Carrié
                           et al.
14 Jun 1874 - 15 Apr 1876  Michel Domingue
15 Apr 1876 - 23 Apr 1876  Council of Secretaries of State
23 Apr 1876 - 17 Jul 1879  Pierre-Théomas Boisrond, dit
                           Boisrond-Canal (1st time)
                           (President of Provisional Government to 17 Jul 1876)
17 Jul 1879 - 26 Jul 1879  Central Committee of Public Safety
26 Jul 1879 -  2 Oct 1879  Hériston Hérissé
                           (President of Provisional Government)
 2 Oct 1879 - 10 Aug 1888  Lysius Salomon                     10
                           (President of Provisional Government to 26 Oct 1879)
27 Mar 1883 - 27 Oct 1883    Jean-Pierre Boyer-Bazelais      
                             (chief executive of the Central Revolutionary Committee)
10 Aug 1888 - 16 Oct 1888  Pierre-Théomas Boisrond, dit
                           Boisrond-Canal (2nd time)
                           (President of Revolutionary Committee to 23 Aug 1888,
                           then President of Provisional Government)
16 Oct 1888 - 22 Aug 1889  François Denys Légitime        
                           (Chief Executive to 18 Dec 1888)
22 Aug 1889 - 23 Aug 1889  Council of Secretaries of State
23 Aug 1889 - 17 Oct 1889  Monpoint jeune
                           (President of Provisional Government)
17 Oct 1889 - 24 Mar 1896  Louis Mondestin Florvil Hyppolite
24 Mar 1896 - 31 Mar 1896  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - P. Augustin Tirésias Simon Sam 
                           - Tancrède Auguste                
                           - Solon Ménos
                           et al.
31 Mar 1896 - 12 May 1902  P. Augustin Tirésias Simon Sam 
12 May 1902 - 26 May 1902  Central Committee of Public
                           Welfare
26 May 1902 - 17 Dec 1902  Pierre-Théomas Boisrond, dit
                           Boisrond-Canal (3rd time)
                           (President of Provisional Government)
17 Dec 1902 -  2 Dec 1908  Pierre Nord Alexis                 
                           (Head of Executive Power to 23 Dec 1902)
 2 Dec 1908 -  5 Dec 1908  Public Order Commission
                           - Louis Boisrond, dit
                             Boisrond-Canal jeune
                           et al.
 6 Dec 1908 -  3 Aug 1911  François C. Antoine Simon        
                           (Head of Executive Power to 21 Dec 1908)
24 Jul 1911 -  8 Aug 1912  Jean-Jacques Dessalines Michel
                           Cincinnatus Leconte               
                           (Supreme Chief of the Revolution to 7 Aug 1911; Head
                           of Executive Power 7-14 Aug 1911)
 8 Aug 1912                Council of Secretaries
                           - Edmond Lespinasse (1st time)
                           - Antoine C. Sansaricq
                           - Jacques Nicolas Léger (1st time)
                           - John Laroche
                           - Tertullien Guilbaud (1st time)
 8 Aug 1912 -  3 May 1913  Tancrède Auguste               
 3 May 1913 - 12 May 1913  Council of Secretaries
                           - F. Baufossé Laroche
                           - Seymour Pradel
                           - Jacques Nicolas Léger (2nd time)
                           - Tertullien Guilbaud (2nd time)
                           - Edmond Lespinasse (2nd time)
                           - A. Guatimosin Boco
12 May 1913 - 27 Jan 1914  Michel-Oreste                  
27 Jan 1914 -    Jan 1914  Council of Secretaries
   Jan 1914 -  8 Feb 1914  Edmond Polynice (1st time)
                           (chairman Committee of Public Welfare)
 8 Feb 1914 - 29 Oct 1914  Emmanuel Oreste Zamor          
29 Oct 1914 -  6 Nov 1914  Edmond Polynice (2nd time)
                           (chairman Committee of Public Welfare)
 6 Nov 1914 - 22 Feb 1915  Joseph Davilmar Théodore         
                           (Head of Executive Power to 10 Nov 1914)
22 Feb 1915 -    Feb 1915  Committee of Public Welfare
                           - Seymour Pradel
                           - Edmond Polynice
   Feb 1915 - 25 Feb 1915  Committee of Administration
25 Feb 1915 - 28 Jul 1915  Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam       10
                           (Head of Executive Power to 9 Mar 1915)
28 Jul 1915 - 11 Aug 1915  Revolutionary Committee
                           - Charles de Delva
                           - Edmond Polynice
                           - Delinois
                           - Charles Zamor
                           - Gaston Dalencourt
                           - Ermane Robin
12 Aug 1915 - 15 May 1922  Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave       
15 May 1922 - 15 May 1930  Louis Eustache Antoine François
                           Joseph Borno                    
15 May 1930 - 18 Nov 1930  Louis Eugène Roy                
18 Nov 1930 - 15 May 1941  Sténio Joseph Vincent            
15 May 1941 - 11 Jan 1946  Élie Lescot                    
11 Jan 1946 - 16 Aug 1946  Franck Lavaud (1st time)
                           (chairman Military Executive Committee)
16 Aug 1946 - 10 May 1950  Dumarsais Estimé        
10 May 1950 -  6 Dec 1950  Franck Lavaud (2nd time)
                           (chairman Government Junta)
 6 Dec 1950 - 12 Dec 1956  Paul Eugène Magloire          
                           (Head of Executive Power from 6 Dec 1956)
12 Dec 1956 -  4 Feb 1957  Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis 
                           (provisional)
 7 Feb 1957 -  1 Apr 1957  Franck Sylvain (provisional)   
 1 Apr 1957 -  6 Apr 1957  Léon Cantave (1st time)      
                           (Army Chief of General Staff)
 6 Apr 1957 - 20 May 1957  Executive Government Council
                           - Léonce M. Bernard             
                           - Georges Bretous                
                           - Stuart Cambronne            
                           - Antoine Pierre-Pau          
                             (to 24 Apr 1957)
                           - Vilfort Beauvoir           
                             (to 24 Apr 1957)
                           - Weber Michaud              
                           - Seymour Lamothe          
                           - Raoul Daguilh            
                           - Théodore A. Nicoleau
                             (to 24 Apr 1957)
                           - Ernest B. Danache           
                           - Emmanuel Bruny             
                           - Max Bolté                
                           - Grégoire Eugène          
20 May 1957 - 25 May 1957  Léon Cantave (2nd time)
                           (Army Chief of General Staff)
25 May 1957 - 14 Jun 1957  Pierre Eustache Daniel Fignolé   
                           (provisional)
14 Jun 1957 - 22 Oct 1957  Antonio Thrasybule Kebreau        
                           (chairman Military Council)
22 Oct 1957 - 21 Apr 1971  François Duvalier                  
                           (chief of the revolution 15-22 May 1963)
21 Apr 1971 -  6 Feb 1986  Jean-Claude Duvalier             
 6 Feb 1986 -  7 Feb 1988  Henri Namphy (1st time)         
                           (chairman National Council)
 7 Feb 1988 - 20 Jun 1988  Leslie Manigat                  
20 Jun 1988 - 17 Sep 1988  Henri Namphy (2nd time)     
17 Sep 1988 - 10 Mar 1990  Prosper Avril                   
10 Mar 1990 - 13 Mar 1990  Hérard Abraham (interim)       
13 Mar 1990 -  7 Jan 1991  Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (f)
                           (1st time) (provisional)      
 7 Jan 1991     (hours)    Roger Lafontant (provisional)    
 7 Jan 1991 -  7 Feb 1991  Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (f)
                           (2nd time) (provisional)        
 7 Feb 1991 - 30 Sep 1991  Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1st time) 
 1 Oct 1991 -  8 Oct 1991  Raoul Cédras                    
                           (leader of military junta)
 8 Oct 1991 - 19 Jun 1992  Joseph Nérette (provisional)      
19 Jun 1992 - 15 Jun 1993  Marc Bazin (acting)                
15 Jun 1993 - 12 May 1994  Jean-Bertrand Aristide (2nd time)  
                           (in exile, but recognized in Haiti)
12 May 1994 - 12 Oct 1994  Émile Jonassaint (provisional)     
12 Oct 1994 -  7 Feb 1996  Jean-Bertrand Aristide (3rd time) 
 7 Feb 1996 -  7 Feb 2001  René Préval                        
 7 Feb 2001 -              Jean-Bertrand Aristide (4th time)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prime ministers
 9 Feb 1988 - 20 Jun 1988  Martial Célestin
13 Feb 1991 - 11 Oct 1991  René Préval                       
11 Oct 1991 - 19 Jun 1992  Jean-Jacques Honorat (interim)    
19 Jun 1992 - 30 Aug 1993  Marc Bazin                       
30 Aug 1993 -  8 Nov 1994  Robert Malval                     
 8 Nov 1994 -  7 Nov 1995  Smarck Michel                    
 7 Nov 1995 - 27 Feb 1996  Claudette Werleigh (f)            
27 Feb 1996 - 20 Oct 1997  Rony Smarth                        
26 Mar 1999 -  2 Mar 2001  Jacques-Édouard Alexis           
 2 Mar 2001 -              Jean-Marie Chérestal           

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of the South
3 Nov 1810                 secession
  Mar 1812                 reincorporation into Haiti (II)

General-in-Chief
 3 Nov 1810 -  9 Jan 1811  André Rigaud                       (b. 1761 - d. 1811)
Presidents of the Council
 9 Jan 1811 - 18 Sep 1811  André Rigaud                       (s.a.)
18 Sep 1811 -    Mar 1812  Jérôme-Maximilien Borgella

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Republic of the North
Provisional President
25 Apr 1868 -    Dec 1869  Nissage-Saget

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Southern State of Haiti
President
 8 May 1868 -    Dec 1869  Michel Domingue

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Northern Republic
President of the Provisional Government
27 Nov 1888 -        1889  Louis Mondestin Florvil Hyppolite  (s.a.)