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8837: The Rise and Violent Fall of Patrice Lumumba (fwd)
From: Lucas Stanley <maloukwi@yahoo.com>
New York Times August 2, 2001
EDITORIAL OBSERVER
The Rise and Violent Fall of Patrice
Lumumba
By BILL BERKELEY
here is a scene in the director Raul
Peck's chilling biographical film
"Lumumba" in which the title character,
the
doomed Congolese Prime Minister Patrice
Lumumba, played by Eriq Ebouaney,
confers alone with his army chief of
staff, the soon-to-be military strongman
Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. It is
September 1960. Their fledgling
independent nation is disintegrating into
chaos. "I am at your side," coos the
suavely malign Mobutu, played by Alex
Descas. Lumumba replies: "You are no
longer beside me. You're behind my
back." Mobutu returns soon thereafter to
place Lumumba under house
arrest.
In The New York Times Index for 1960,
the Congo occupies more than 12
pages of entries, more than any other
country except the United States, and
just slightly more than Fidel Castro's
Cuba. Four decades later, with Congo
again consumed by a more obscure but no
less ruinous war, Mr. Peck's film
provides a disturbing reminder of a
turning point in history that helps explain
how that African nation wound up on the
road to its present ruin.
Mr. Peck, a Haiti-born director who
examined that country's Duvalier
dictatorship in his 1993 film "The Man
on the Shore," has said his aim was to
produce a political thriller that
illuminates how power works behind the
scenes in such places.
"Lumumba" recounts the swift rise and
fall of the man who became Congo's
first and last legitimately elected
prime minister after it won independence
from Belgium in 1960.
The film begins with images from the
Belgian colonial era — pith-helmeted
white officers lording it over barefoot
natives in scenes that recall one of
Africa's most violent and predatory
colonial orders. The narrative picks up
the energetic and articulate Lumumba as
a young salesman for a Belgian beer
company who emerged in 1959 as a popular
nationalist leader. Jailed and
brutally beaten, he was then freed to
participate in negotiations in Brussels
that would lead to the Congo's
independence. Lumumba's party won the
largest number of votes in the country's
first free elections, and he became
prime minister at the age of 35.
Within days, the vast new nation began
to unravel. The army mutinied.
Belgium's military intervened to protect
its citizens and encourage the
mineral-rich province of Katanga, led by
the conniving opportunist Moïse
Tshombe, to secede. United Nations
troops intervened to little effect. Nikita
Khrushchev decided to send Soviet
planes, weapons and advisers to help
Lumumba, seeming to confirm the worst
fears of the Eisenhower
administration.
Lumumba and his neophyte nation, which
at independence had barely a
dozen university graduates, were caught
up in a web of cold-war intrigue and
neocolonial knavery. Just six months
after he took office, Lumumba was
murdered by Congolese rivals with the
collusion of the United States and
Belgium.
Americans tend to think of Africa's
current wars as remote and irrelevant to
our interests. "Lumumba" recalls that in
fact Americans have been centrally
involved in events that set the stage
for these wars. The movie is grounded in
well-documented historical fact. The
Senate Intelligence Committee
concluded in 1975 that there were
grounds for "a reasonable inference" that
President Eisenhower had authorized
Lumumba's assassination, and that the
director of the Central Intelligence
Agency, Allen Dulles, had approved a
plot that involved sending a doctor
equipped with vials of poison to
Léopoldville, the Congo's capital. The
committee found no evidence of direct
American involvement in Lumumba's
eventual murder, though. Instead, it
said Washington had supplied money and
arms that enabled Mobutu to
consolidate power. Mobutu in turn
delivered Lumumba into the hands of his
Congolese rivals and their Belgian
allies.
In martyrdom, Lumumba achieved iconic
status across Africa and much of
the third world. It is not necessary to
accept Mr. Peck's largely uncritical
rendering of his personal character, nor
to assume that Lumumba would have
proved an enlightened leader. What we do
know is that his murder paved
the way for three decades of Mobutu's
kleptocratic despotism, in what he
called Zaire, and the chaos that has
engulfed Congo since he fled in 1997.
Some 2.5 million Congolese may have died
in three years of fighting, famine
and disease in wars that have drawn in
six neighboring countries and profited
business as far afield as Belgium,
Pakistan and Russia.
"We thought we controlled our destiny,"
the embattled Lumumba laments at
one point in this powerful film, "but
other powerful interests pulled the
strings." Forty years on, Congolese can
be forgiven if they feel the same way
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